Naples, Dec. 30, 1781.
SIR,HAVING last made a curious discovery,
that in a Province of this Kingdom, and not fifty miles from its
Capital, a sort of devotion is still paid to PRIAPUS, the obscene
Divinity of the Ancients (though under another denomination), I thought
it circumstance worth recording; particularly, as it offers a fresh
proof of the similitude of the Popish and Pagan Religion, so well
observed by Dr. Middleton, in his celebrated Letter from Rome: and
therefore I mean to deposit the authentic 1
proofs of this assertion in the British Museum, when a proper
opportunity shall offer. In the meantime I send you the following
account, which, I flatter myself, will amuse you for the present, and
may in future serve to illustrate those proofs.
I had long ago discovered, that the women and
children of the lower class, at Naples, and in its neighbourhood,
frequently wore, as an ornament of dress, a sort of Amulets, (which they
imagine to be a preservative from the mal occhii, evil eyes,
or enchantment) exactly similar to those which were worn by the ancient
Inhabitants of this Country for the very same purpose, as likewise for
their supposed invigorating influence; and all of which have evidently a
relation to the Cult of Priapus. Struck with this conformity in ancient
and modern superstition, I made a collection of both the ancient and
modern Amulets of this sort, and placed them together in the British
Museum, where they remain. The modern Amulet most in vogue represents a
hand clinched, with the point of the thumb thrust betwixt the index and
middle 1
finger; the next is a shell; and the third is a half-moon. These Amulets
(except the shell, which is usually worn in its natural state) are most
commonly made of silver, but sometimes of ivory, coral, amber, crystal,
or some curious gem, or pebble. We have a proof of the hand above
described having a connection with Priapus, in a most elegant small idol
of bronze of that Divinity, now in the Royal Museum of Portici, and
which was found in the ruins of Herculaneum: it has an enormous Phallus,
and, with anarch look and gesture, stretches out its right hand in the
form above mentioned 1;
and which probably was an emblem of consummation: and as a further proof
of it, the Amulet which occurs most frequently amongst those of the
Ancients (next to that which represents the simple Priapus), is such a
hand united with the Phallus; of which you may see several specimens in
my collection in the British Museum. One in particular, I recollect, has
also the half-moon joined to the hand and Phallus; which half-moon is
supposed to have an allusion to the female menses. The shell, or
concha veneris, is evidently an emblem of the female part of
generation. It is very natural then to suppose, that the Amulets
representing the Phallus alone, so visibly indecent, may have been long
out of use in this civilized capital; but I have been assured, that it
is but very lately that the Priests have put an end to the wearing of
such Amulets in Calabria, and other distant Provinces of this Kingdom.
A new road having been made last year from this
Capital to the Province of Abruzzo, passing through the City of Isernia
(anciently belonging to the Samnites, and very populous 2),
a person of liberal education, employed in that work, chanced to be at
Isernia just at the time of the celebration of the Feast of the modern
Priapus, St. Cosmo; and having been struck with the singularity of the
ceremony, so very similar to that which attended the ancient Cult of the
God of the Gardens, and knowing my taste for antiquities, told me of it.
From this Gentleman's report, and from what I learnt on the spot from
the Governor of Isernia himself, having gone to that city on purpose in
the month of February last, I have drawn up the following account, which
I have reason to believe is strictly true. I did intend to have been
present at the Feast of St. Cosmo this year; but the indecency of this
ceremony having probably transpired, from the country's having been more
frequented since the new road was made, orders have been given, that the
Great Toe 1
of the Saint should no longer be exposed. The following is the account
of the Fete of St. Cosmo and Damiano, as it actually was celebrated at
Isernia, on the confines of Abruzzo, in the Kingdom of Naples, so late
as in the year of our Lord 1780.
On the 27th of September, at Isernia, one of the
most ancient cities of the Kingdom of Naples, situated in the Province
called the Contado di Molise, and adjoining to Abruzzo, an annual Fair
is held, which lasts three days. The situation of this Fair is on a
rising ground, between two rivers, about half a mile from the town of
Isernia; on the most elevated part of which there is an ancient church,
with a vestibule. The architecture is of the style of the lower ages;
and it is said to have been a church and convent belonging to the
Benedictine Monks in the time of their poverty. This church is dedicated
to St. Cosmus and Damianus. One of the days of the Fair, the relicks of
the Saints are exposed, and afterwards carried in procession from the
cathedral of the city to this church, attended by a prodigious concourse
of people. In the city, and at the fair, ex-voti of wax,
representing the male parts of generation, of various dimensions, some
even of the length of the palm, are publickly offered to sale. There are
also waxen vows, that represent other parts of the body mixed with them;
but of these there are few in comparison of the number of the Priapi.
The devout distributers of these vows carry a basket full of them in one
hand, and hold a plate in the other to receive the money, crying aloud,
"St. Cosmo and Damiano!" If you ask the price of one, the answer is,
più ci metti, più meriti: "The more you give, the more's the merit."
In the vestibule are two tables, at each of which one of the canons of
the church presides, this crying out, Qui si riceveno le Misse, e
Litanie: "Here Masses and Litanies are received;" and the other, Qui
si riceveno li Voti: "Here the Vows are received." The price of a Mass
is fifteen Neapolitan grains, and of a Litany five grains. On each table
is a large bason for the reception of the different offerings. The Vows
are chiefly presented by the female sex; and they are seldom such as
represent legs, arms, &c., but most commonly the male parts of
generation. The person who was at this fete in the year 1780, and who
gave me this account (the authenticity of every article of which has
since been fully confirmed to me by the Governor of Isernia), told me
also, that he heard a woman say, at the time she presented a Vow, like
that which is presented in Plate 1, Fig. i., Santo Cosimo benedetto,
cosi lo voglio: "Blessed St. Cosmo, let it be like this;" another,
St. Cosimo, a te mi raccommendo: "St. Cosmo, I recommend myself
to you;" and a third, St. Cosimo, ti ringrazio: "St. Cosmo, I
thank you." The Vow is never presented without being accompanied by a
piece of money, and is always kissed by the devotee at the moment of
presentation.
At the great altar in the church, another of its
canons attends to give the holy unction, with the oil of St. Cosmo; 1
which is prepared by the same receipt as that of the Roman Ritual, with
the addition only of the prayer of the Holy Martyrs, St. Cosmus and
Damianus. Those who have an infirmity in any of their members, present
themselves at the great altar, and uncover the member affected (not even
excepting that which is most frequently represented by the ex-voti);
and the reverend canon anoints it, saying, Per intercessionem beati
Cosmi, liberet te ab omni malo. Amen.
The ceremony finishes by the canons of the church
dividing the spoils, both money and wax, which must be to a very
considerable amount, as the concourse at this fete is said to be
prodigiously numerous.
The oil of St. Cosmo is in high repute for its
invigorating quality, when the loins, and parts adjacent, are anointed
with it. No less than 1400 flasks of that oil were either expended at
the altar in unctions, or charitably distributed, during this fête in
the year 1780; and as it is usual for every one, who either makes use of
the oil at the altar, or carries off a flask of it, to leave an alms for
St. Cosmo, the ceremony of the oil becomes likewise a very lucrative one
to the canons of the church.
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